Do You Know How To Explain Evolution Site To Your Boss
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The Academy's Evolution Site
Biological evolution is a central concept in biology. The Academies have been for 무료 에볼루션 a long time involved in helping those interested in science understand the theory of evolution and how it influences all areas of scientific exploration.
This site provides students, teachers and general readers with a range of learning resources on evolution. It also includes important video clips from NOVA and WGBH produced science programs on DVD.
Tree of Life
The Tree of Life, an ancient symbol, symbolizes the interconnectedness of all life. It is an emblem of love and unity across many cultures. It also has many practical applications, like providing a framework to understand the history of species and how they react to changes in environmental conditions.
Early attempts to represent the biological world were founded on categorizing organisms on their physical and metabolic characteristics. These methods, based on the sampling of different parts of living organisms or sequences of small fragments of their DNA, significantly increased the variety that could be represented in a tree of life2. However these trees are mainly composed of eukaryotes; bacterial diversity remains vastly underrepresented3,4.
Genetic techniques have greatly expanded our ability to depict the Tree of Life by circumventing the requirement for direct observation and experimentation. Particularly, molecular techniques enable us to create trees by using sequenced markers such as the small subunit ribosomal gene.
The Tree of Life has been greatly expanded thanks to genome sequencing. However, there is still much diversity to be discovered. This is especially true of microorganisms that are difficult to cultivate and are often only present in a single sample5. Recent analysis of all genomes resulted in an unfinished draft of a Tree of Life. This includes a wide range of archaea, bacteria, and other organisms that haven't yet been isolated, or 에볼루션 슬롯게임 무료 에볼루션 바카라 무료체험 (relevant internet page) the diversity of which is not thoroughly understood6.
This expanded Tree of Life is particularly useful for assessing the biodiversity of an area, helping to determine if certain habitats require protection. The information can be used in a range of ways, from identifying the most effective treatments to fight disease to enhancing crop yields. This information is also beneficial in conservation efforts. It can help biologists identify the areas that are most likely to contain cryptic species that could have important metabolic functions that may be at risk of anthropogenic changes. While funding to protect biodiversity are essential, the best method to preserve the biodiversity of the world is to equip more people in developing nations with the knowledge they need to act locally and support conservation.
Phylogeny
A phylogeny, also known as an evolutionary tree, reveals the connections between groups of organisms. Scientists can create a phylogenetic diagram that illustrates the evolutionary relationships between taxonomic categories using molecular information and morphological similarities or differences. Phylogeny is essential in understanding biodiversity, 에볼루션코리아 (http://Q.044300.net/home.php?mod=space&uid=983249) evolution and genetics.
A basic phylogenetic Tree (see Figure PageIndex 10 ) is a method of identifying the relationships between organisms with similar traits that evolved from common ancestral. These shared traits may be homologous, or analogous. Homologous traits are identical in their evolutionary origins, while analogous traits look like they do, but don't have the identical origins. Scientists group similar traits together into a grouping called a the clade. All members of a clade have a common characteristic, for example, amniotic egg production. They all derived from an ancestor that had these eggs. The clades are then linked to form a phylogenetic branch to determine the organisms with the closest relationship to.
For a more precise and accurate phylogenetic tree scientists use molecular data from DNA or RNA to establish the relationships between organisms. This information is more precise and gives evidence of the evolutionary history of an organism. Researchers can utilize Molecular Data to calculate the evolutionary age of organisms and identify how many organisms share an ancestor common to all.
The phylogenetic relationships between species are influenced by many factors including phenotypic plasticity, an aspect of behavior that changes in response to unique environmental conditions. This can cause a trait to appear more resembling to one species than to another and obscure the phylogenetic signals. This issue can be cured by using cladistics, which incorporates the combination of homologous and analogous traits in the tree.
In addition, phylogenetics helps predict the duration and rate of speciation. This information can aid conservation biologists to decide the species they should safeguard from the threat of extinction. In the end, it is the conservation of phylogenetic diversity that will lead to an ecosystem that is complete and balanced.
Evolutionary Theory
The central theme in evolution is that organisms change over time as a result of their interactions with their environment. Several theories of evolutionary change have been proposed by a wide variety of scientists, including the Islamic naturalist Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201-1274) who envisioned an organism developing slowly according to its requirements as well as the Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) who conceived the modern hierarchical taxonomy, as well as Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) who suggested that use or disuse of traits causes changes that could be passed on to the offspring.
In the 1930s and 1940s, ideas from various fields, including genetics, natural selection and particulate inheritance--came together to create the modern evolutionary theory synthesis that explains how evolution is triggered by the variation of genes within a population and how those variations change over time due to natural selection. This model, which incorporates mutations, genetic drift, gene flow and sexual selection can be mathematically described.
Recent discoveries in evolutionary developmental biology have demonstrated how variations can be introduced to a species by genetic drift, mutations and reshuffling of genes during sexual reproduction, and even migration between populations. These processes, as well as other ones like directional selection and genetic erosion (changes in the frequency of an individual's genotype over time), can lead to evolution, which is defined by changes in the genome of the species over time, and also the change in phenotype over time (the expression of the genotype in the individual).
Incorporating evolutionary thinking into all aspects of biology education could increase students' understanding of phylogeny and evolutionary. A recent study conducted by Grunspan and colleagues, for instance revealed that teaching students about the evidence that supports evolution helped students accept the concept of evolution in a college biology class. To find out more about how to teach about evolution, please see The Evolutionary Potential of all Areas of Biology and Thinking Evolutionarily: A Framework for Infusing Evolution into Life Sciences Education.
Evolution in Action
Scientists have studied evolution through looking back in the past, studying fossils, and comparing species. They also observe living organisms. But evolution isn't just something that occurred in the past; it's an ongoing process, that is taking place today. Bacteria mutate and resist antibiotics, viruses re-invent themselves and escape new drugs, and animals adapt their behavior in response to the changing environment. The changes that result are often easy to see.
But it wasn't until the late 1980s that biologists realized that natural selection can be observed in action as well. The key is that different characteristics result in different rates of survival and reproduction (differential fitness), and can be passed down from one generation to the next.
In the past, if a certain allele - the genetic sequence that determines color - was found in a group of organisms that interbred, it might become more prevalent than any other allele. In time, this could mean the number of black moths in a population could increase. The same is true for many other characteristics--including morphology and behavior--that vary among populations of organisms.
It is easier to see evolutionary change when an organism, like bacteria, 에볼루션사이트 has a high generation turnover. Since 1988, Richard Lenski, a biologist, has been tracking twelve populations of E.coli that descend from a single strain. The samples of each population have been collected regularly and more than 500.000 generations of E.coli have passed.
Lenski's research has revealed that a mutation can dramatically alter the speed at which a population reproduces--and so the rate at which it evolves. It also demonstrates that evolution takes time, something that is hard for some to accept.
Microevolution is also evident in the fact that mosquito genes for resistance to pesticides are more prevalent in populations where insecticides are used. This is because pesticides cause a selective pressure which favors those who have resistant genotypes.
The speed of evolution taking place has led to an increasing appreciation of its importance in a world that is shaped by human activities, including climate change, pollution, and the loss of habitats which prevent many species from adapting. Understanding evolution will help you make better decisions about the future of the planet and its inhabitants.
Biological evolution is a central concept in biology. The Academies have been for 무료 에볼루션 a long time involved in helping those interested in science understand the theory of evolution and how it influences all areas of scientific exploration.
This site provides students, teachers and general readers with a range of learning resources on evolution. It also includes important video clips from NOVA and WGBH produced science programs on DVD.
Tree of Life
The Tree of Life, an ancient symbol, symbolizes the interconnectedness of all life. It is an emblem of love and unity across many cultures. It also has many practical applications, like providing a framework to understand the history of species and how they react to changes in environmental conditions.
Early attempts to represent the biological world were founded on categorizing organisms on their physical and metabolic characteristics. These methods, based on the sampling of different parts of living organisms or sequences of small fragments of their DNA, significantly increased the variety that could be represented in a tree of life2. However these trees are mainly composed of eukaryotes; bacterial diversity remains vastly underrepresented3,4.
Genetic techniques have greatly expanded our ability to depict the Tree of Life by circumventing the requirement for direct observation and experimentation. Particularly, molecular techniques enable us to create trees by using sequenced markers such as the small subunit ribosomal gene.
The Tree of Life has been greatly expanded thanks to genome sequencing. However, there is still much diversity to be discovered. This is especially true of microorganisms that are difficult to cultivate and are often only present in a single sample5. Recent analysis of all genomes resulted in an unfinished draft of a Tree of Life. This includes a wide range of archaea, bacteria, and other organisms that haven't yet been isolated, or 에볼루션 슬롯게임 무료 에볼루션 바카라 무료체험 (relevant internet page) the diversity of which is not thoroughly understood6.
This expanded Tree of Life is particularly useful for assessing the biodiversity of an area, helping to determine if certain habitats require protection. The information can be used in a range of ways, from identifying the most effective treatments to fight disease to enhancing crop yields. This information is also beneficial in conservation efforts. It can help biologists identify the areas that are most likely to contain cryptic species that could have important metabolic functions that may be at risk of anthropogenic changes. While funding to protect biodiversity are essential, the best method to preserve the biodiversity of the world is to equip more people in developing nations with the knowledge they need to act locally and support conservation.
Phylogeny
A phylogeny, also known as an evolutionary tree, reveals the connections between groups of organisms. Scientists can create a phylogenetic diagram that illustrates the evolutionary relationships between taxonomic categories using molecular information and morphological similarities or differences. Phylogeny is essential in understanding biodiversity, 에볼루션코리아 (http://Q.044300.net/home.php?mod=space&uid=983249) evolution and genetics.
A basic phylogenetic Tree (see Figure PageIndex 10 ) is a method of identifying the relationships between organisms with similar traits that evolved from common ancestral. These shared traits may be homologous, or analogous. Homologous traits are identical in their evolutionary origins, while analogous traits look like they do, but don't have the identical origins. Scientists group similar traits together into a grouping called a the clade. All members of a clade have a common characteristic, for example, amniotic egg production. They all derived from an ancestor that had these eggs. The clades are then linked to form a phylogenetic branch to determine the organisms with the closest relationship to.
For a more precise and accurate phylogenetic tree scientists use molecular data from DNA or RNA to establish the relationships between organisms. This information is more precise and gives evidence of the evolutionary history of an organism. Researchers can utilize Molecular Data to calculate the evolutionary age of organisms and identify how many organisms share an ancestor common to all.
The phylogenetic relationships between species are influenced by many factors including phenotypic plasticity, an aspect of behavior that changes in response to unique environmental conditions. This can cause a trait to appear more resembling to one species than to another and obscure the phylogenetic signals. This issue can be cured by using cladistics, which incorporates the combination of homologous and analogous traits in the tree.
In addition, phylogenetics helps predict the duration and rate of speciation. This information can aid conservation biologists to decide the species they should safeguard from the threat of extinction. In the end, it is the conservation of phylogenetic diversity that will lead to an ecosystem that is complete and balanced.
Evolutionary Theory
The central theme in evolution is that organisms change over time as a result of their interactions with their environment. Several theories of evolutionary change have been proposed by a wide variety of scientists, including the Islamic naturalist Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201-1274) who envisioned an organism developing slowly according to its requirements as well as the Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) who conceived the modern hierarchical taxonomy, as well as Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) who suggested that use or disuse of traits causes changes that could be passed on to the offspring.
In the 1930s and 1940s, ideas from various fields, including genetics, natural selection and particulate inheritance--came together to create the modern evolutionary theory synthesis that explains how evolution is triggered by the variation of genes within a population and how those variations change over time due to natural selection. This model, which incorporates mutations, genetic drift, gene flow and sexual selection can be mathematically described.
Recent discoveries in evolutionary developmental biology have demonstrated how variations can be introduced to a species by genetic drift, mutations and reshuffling of genes during sexual reproduction, and even migration between populations. These processes, as well as other ones like directional selection and genetic erosion (changes in the frequency of an individual's genotype over time), can lead to evolution, which is defined by changes in the genome of the species over time, and also the change in phenotype over time (the expression of the genotype in the individual).
Incorporating evolutionary thinking into all aspects of biology education could increase students' understanding of phylogeny and evolutionary. A recent study conducted by Grunspan and colleagues, for instance revealed that teaching students about the evidence that supports evolution helped students accept the concept of evolution in a college biology class. To find out more about how to teach about evolution, please see The Evolutionary Potential of all Areas of Biology and Thinking Evolutionarily: A Framework for Infusing Evolution into Life Sciences Education.
Evolution in Action
Scientists have studied evolution through looking back in the past, studying fossils, and comparing species. They also observe living organisms. But evolution isn't just something that occurred in the past; it's an ongoing process, that is taking place today. Bacteria mutate and resist antibiotics, viruses re-invent themselves and escape new drugs, and animals adapt their behavior in response to the changing environment. The changes that result are often easy to see.
But it wasn't until the late 1980s that biologists realized that natural selection can be observed in action as well. The key is that different characteristics result in different rates of survival and reproduction (differential fitness), and can be passed down from one generation to the next.
In the past, if a certain allele - the genetic sequence that determines color - was found in a group of organisms that interbred, it might become more prevalent than any other allele. In time, this could mean the number of black moths in a population could increase. The same is true for many other characteristics--including morphology and behavior--that vary among populations of organisms.
It is easier to see evolutionary change when an organism, like bacteria, 에볼루션사이트 has a high generation turnover. Since 1988, Richard Lenski, a biologist, has been tracking twelve populations of E.coli that descend from a single strain. The samples of each population have been collected regularly and more than 500.000 generations of E.coli have passed.
Lenski's research has revealed that a mutation can dramatically alter the speed at which a population reproduces--and so the rate at which it evolves. It also demonstrates that evolution takes time, something that is hard for some to accept.
Microevolution is also evident in the fact that mosquito genes for resistance to pesticides are more prevalent in populations where insecticides are used. This is because pesticides cause a selective pressure which favors those who have resistant genotypes.
The speed of evolution taking place has led to an increasing appreciation of its importance in a world that is shaped by human activities, including climate change, pollution, and the loss of habitats which prevent many species from adapting. Understanding evolution will help you make better decisions about the future of the planet and its inhabitants.
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