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Study of Chinese Learners' Pedagogical Choices in Korean
In addition to learner-internal influences CLKs' awareness of their own resistance to change and the social ties they could draw on were significant. Researchers from TS & ZL, for example, cited their relationship with their local professor as a key factor in their rational decision to avoid criticising a strict prof (see example 2).
This article reviews all locally published pragmatic research on Korean up to 2020. It focuses on the practical fundamental topics like:
Discourse Construction Tests
The discourse completion test is a popular tool in pragmatic research. It has many advantages however, it also has some drawbacks. For example it is that the DCT cannot take into account the cultural and individual differences in communication. The DCT can also be biased and result in overgeneralizations. This is why it must be carefully analyzed before using it for research or for assessment purposes.
Despite its limitations the DCT is a valuable instrument to study the connection between prosody, information structure, and non-native speakers. The ability to manipulate social variables that affect the manner of speaking in two or more steps could be a plus. This feature can help researchers understand the role of prosody in communication across different cultural contexts, which is a major issue in cross-cultural pragmatics.
In the field of linguistics, DCT is among the most effective tools for analyzing communication behaviors of learners. It can be used to analyze various issues, including politeness, turn-taking, and the choices made in lexical use. It can also be used to determine the phonological complexity of learners' speech.
A recent study used an DCT to assess EFL students' refusal skills. Participants were presented with a range of scenarios to choose from, and 프라그마틱 슬롯버프 - https://pragmatickr-com33333.blogars.com, then asked to select the appropriate response. The authors found that the DCT was more efficient than other methods of refusal, including a questionnaire and video recordings. However, they cautioned that the DCT should be used with caution and should include other data collection methods.
DCTs can be developed using specific requirements for linguistics, 프라그마틱 슬롯 추천 such as the form and content. These criteria are intuitive and based upon the assumptions of test creators. They may not be correct, and they could misrepresent the way that ELF learners actually reject requests in real-world interaction. This issue calls for more research on alternative methods of measuring refusal competence.
In a recent study, DCT responses to student inquiries via email were compared to those from an oral DCT. The results revealed that DCTs preferred more direct and traditionally indirect request forms and utilized hints less than email data.
Metapragmatic Questionnaires (MQs)
This study investigated Chinese learners' choices in their use of Korean using a variety of experimental tools, including Discourse Completion Tasks (DCTs) Metapragmatic Questionnaires, 프라그마틱 슬롯버프 Refusal Interviews (RIs). Participants were 46 CLKs at the upper-intermediate who participated in MQs, DCTs and RIs. They were also asked to provide reflections on their evaluations and refusals in RIs. The results revealed that CLKs often chose to resist native Korean pragmatic norms. Their choices were influenced primarily by four factors that included their personalities and multilingual identities, their current life histories and their relationships. These findings have implications for pedagogy for L2 Korean assessment.
The MQ data was first analyzed to identify the participants' actual choices. The data was categorized according Ishihara (2010)'s definition of pragmatic resistance. Then, the choices were matched with their linguistic performance in DCTs to determine if they showed a pattern of resistance to pragmatics or not. The interviewees were asked to justify their choices of behavior in a given scenario.
The findings of the MQs and DCTs were then examined using descriptive statistics and z-tests. The CLKs were found use euphemistic words like "sorry" or "thank you". This could be due to their lack of experience with the target languages, leading to an insufficient understanding of the korean pragmatic norms. The results revealed that CLKs' preferences for either converging to L1 or departing from both L1 as well as L2 pragmatic norms varies according to the DCT situations. In the scenarios 3 and 12 CLKs preferred diverging from both L1pragmatic norms - and 프라그마틱 슬롯 팁 L2-pragmatic norms while in Situation 14 CLKs preferred a convergence to L1 norms.
The RIs revealed that CLKs knew about their pragmatic resistance to each DCT situation. The RIs were conducted in a one-to-one manner within two days after the participants completed the MQs. The RIs were recorded and transcribed, 프라그마틱 무료 then coded by two independent coders. Coding was an iterative process, where the coders read and discussed each transcript. The results of coding are evaluated against the original RI transcripts to determine if they accurately portrayed the underlying behavior.
Refusal Interviews (RIs)
A key question of pragmatic research is why some learners are hesitant to adhere to the pragmatic norms of native speakers. Recent research attempted to answer this question by using a variety of experimental tools including DCTs MQs and RIs. The participants consisted of 46 CLKs, 44 CNSs and 45 KNSs from five Korean universities. Participants were required to complete the DCTs and MQs in their L1 or L2. They were then invited to an RI, where they were asked to reflect on and discuss their responses to each DCT situation.
The results showed that CLKs on average, did not follow the norms of native speakers in more than 40 percent of their responses. They did so even though they could produce native-like patterns. They were also aware of their pragmatism resistance. They attributed their decisions to learner-internal factors such as their identities, personalities and identities that are multilingual, as well as ongoing life histories. They also referred to external factors, such as relational advantages. They outlined, for instance how their relations with their professors enabled them to perform more comfortably in terms of the cultural and linguistic norms at their university.
The interviewees expressed concern about the social pressures and penalties they could be subject to in the event that their local social norms were not followed. They were worried that their native friends might perceive them as "foreigners" and think they were incompetent. This is similar to the concerns expressed by Brown (2013) and Ishihara (2009).
These findings suggest that native-speakers' pragmatic norms are not the norm for Korean learners. They could still be a useful model for official Korean proficiency tests. Future researchers should reconsider the applicability of these tests in various contexts and in particular situations. This will help them better understand the impact of different cultures on the pragmatic behavior and classroom interactions of students from L2. Moreover this will allow educators to develop more effective methodologies for teaching and testing the korea-based pragmatics. Seukhoon Paul Choi is principal advisor at Stratways Group, a geopolitical risk consultancy based out of Seoul.
Case Studies
The case study method is a strategy that utilizes in-depth, participant-centered investigations to study a specific subject. It is a method that uses numerous sources of data to support the findings, including interviews and observations, documents, and artifacts. This type of investigation is ideal for studying unique or complex subjects that are difficult to quantify using other methods.
The first step in a case study is to clearly define the subject and the goals of the study. This will allow you to determine which aspects of the subject are important for research and which could be left out. It is also helpful to review the existing literature to gain a better understanding of the subject and place the situation within a larger theoretical framework.
This case study was based on an open source platform such as the KMMLU leaderboard [50] and its benchmarks that are specific to Korea, HyperCLOVA X and LDCC-Solar (figure 1 below). The results of the study revealed that the L2 Korean students were extremely vulnerable to native models. They were more likely to pick incorrect answer choices which were literal interpretations. This was a departure from a precise pragmatic inference. They also showed a strong tendency of adding their own text or "garbage" to their responses. This further reduced the quality of their answers.
The participants in this study were L2 Korean students who had reached level four on the Test of Proficiency in Korean TOPIK in their third or second university year and were aiming to achieve level six on their next attempt. They were asked questions about their WTC/SPCC, pragmatic awareness, understanding understanding of the world.
Interviewees were presented with two hypothetical situations which involved interactions with their counterparts and asked to choose one of the strategies listed below to use when making an offer. They were then asked to provide the reasoning behind their choice. Most of the participants attributed their pragmatic resistance to their personality. For instance, TS claimed that she was difficult to talk to, and therefore refused to ask about the health of her interlocutors despite having the burden of a job despite her belief that native Koreans would ask.
In addition to learner-internal influences CLKs' awareness of their own resistance to change and the social ties they could draw on were significant. Researchers from TS & ZL, for example, cited their relationship with their local professor as a key factor in their rational decision to avoid criticising a strict prof (see example 2).
This article reviews all locally published pragmatic research on Korean up to 2020. It focuses on the practical fundamental topics like:
Discourse Construction Tests
The discourse completion test is a popular tool in pragmatic research. It has many advantages however, it also has some drawbacks. For example it is that the DCT cannot take into account the cultural and individual differences in communication. The DCT can also be biased and result in overgeneralizations. This is why it must be carefully analyzed before using it for research or for assessment purposes.
Despite its limitations the DCT is a valuable instrument to study the connection between prosody, information structure, and non-native speakers. The ability to manipulate social variables that affect the manner of speaking in two or more steps could be a plus. This feature can help researchers understand the role of prosody in communication across different cultural contexts, which is a major issue in cross-cultural pragmatics.
In the field of linguistics, DCT is among the most effective tools for analyzing communication behaviors of learners. It can be used to analyze various issues, including politeness, turn-taking, and the choices made in lexical use. It can also be used to determine the phonological complexity of learners' speech.
A recent study used an DCT to assess EFL students' refusal skills. Participants were presented with a range of scenarios to choose from, and 프라그마틱 슬롯버프 - https://pragmatickr-com33333.blogars.com, then asked to select the appropriate response. The authors found that the DCT was more efficient than other methods of refusal, including a questionnaire and video recordings. However, they cautioned that the DCT should be used with caution and should include other data collection methods.
DCTs can be developed using specific requirements for linguistics, 프라그마틱 슬롯 추천 such as the form and content. These criteria are intuitive and based upon the assumptions of test creators. They may not be correct, and they could misrepresent the way that ELF learners actually reject requests in real-world interaction. This issue calls for more research on alternative methods of measuring refusal competence.
In a recent study, DCT responses to student inquiries via email were compared to those from an oral DCT. The results revealed that DCTs preferred more direct and traditionally indirect request forms and utilized hints less than email data.
Metapragmatic Questionnaires (MQs)
This study investigated Chinese learners' choices in their use of Korean using a variety of experimental tools, including Discourse Completion Tasks (DCTs) Metapragmatic Questionnaires, 프라그마틱 슬롯버프 Refusal Interviews (RIs). Participants were 46 CLKs at the upper-intermediate who participated in MQs, DCTs and RIs. They were also asked to provide reflections on their evaluations and refusals in RIs. The results revealed that CLKs often chose to resist native Korean pragmatic norms. Their choices were influenced primarily by four factors that included their personalities and multilingual identities, their current life histories and their relationships. These findings have implications for pedagogy for L2 Korean assessment.
The MQ data was first analyzed to identify the participants' actual choices. The data was categorized according Ishihara (2010)'s definition of pragmatic resistance. Then, the choices were matched with their linguistic performance in DCTs to determine if they showed a pattern of resistance to pragmatics or not. The interviewees were asked to justify their choices of behavior in a given scenario.
The findings of the MQs and DCTs were then examined using descriptive statistics and z-tests. The CLKs were found use euphemistic words like "sorry" or "thank you". This could be due to their lack of experience with the target languages, leading to an insufficient understanding of the korean pragmatic norms. The results revealed that CLKs' preferences for either converging to L1 or departing from both L1 as well as L2 pragmatic norms varies according to the DCT situations. In the scenarios 3 and 12 CLKs preferred diverging from both L1pragmatic norms - and 프라그마틱 슬롯 팁 L2-pragmatic norms while in Situation 14 CLKs preferred a convergence to L1 norms.
The RIs revealed that CLKs knew about their pragmatic resistance to each DCT situation. The RIs were conducted in a one-to-one manner within two days after the participants completed the MQs. The RIs were recorded and transcribed, 프라그마틱 무료 then coded by two independent coders. Coding was an iterative process, where the coders read and discussed each transcript. The results of coding are evaluated against the original RI transcripts to determine if they accurately portrayed the underlying behavior.
Refusal Interviews (RIs)
A key question of pragmatic research is why some learners are hesitant to adhere to the pragmatic norms of native speakers. Recent research attempted to answer this question by using a variety of experimental tools including DCTs MQs and RIs. The participants consisted of 46 CLKs, 44 CNSs and 45 KNSs from five Korean universities. Participants were required to complete the DCTs and MQs in their L1 or L2. They were then invited to an RI, where they were asked to reflect on and discuss their responses to each DCT situation.
The results showed that CLKs on average, did not follow the norms of native speakers in more than 40 percent of their responses. They did so even though they could produce native-like patterns. They were also aware of their pragmatism resistance. They attributed their decisions to learner-internal factors such as their identities, personalities and identities that are multilingual, as well as ongoing life histories. They also referred to external factors, such as relational advantages. They outlined, for instance how their relations with their professors enabled them to perform more comfortably in terms of the cultural and linguistic norms at their university.
The interviewees expressed concern about the social pressures and penalties they could be subject to in the event that their local social norms were not followed. They were worried that their native friends might perceive them as "foreigners" and think they were incompetent. This is similar to the concerns expressed by Brown (2013) and Ishihara (2009).
These findings suggest that native-speakers' pragmatic norms are not the norm for Korean learners. They could still be a useful model for official Korean proficiency tests. Future researchers should reconsider the applicability of these tests in various contexts and in particular situations. This will help them better understand the impact of different cultures on the pragmatic behavior and classroom interactions of students from L2. Moreover this will allow educators to develop more effective methodologies for teaching and testing the korea-based pragmatics. Seukhoon Paul Choi is principal advisor at Stratways Group, a geopolitical risk consultancy based out of Seoul.
Case Studies
The case study method is a strategy that utilizes in-depth, participant-centered investigations to study a specific subject. It is a method that uses numerous sources of data to support the findings, including interviews and observations, documents, and artifacts. This type of investigation is ideal for studying unique or complex subjects that are difficult to quantify using other methods.
The first step in a case study is to clearly define the subject and the goals of the study. This will allow you to determine which aspects of the subject are important for research and which could be left out. It is also helpful to review the existing literature to gain a better understanding of the subject and place the situation within a larger theoretical framework.
This case study was based on an open source platform such as the KMMLU leaderboard [50] and its benchmarks that are specific to Korea, HyperCLOVA X and LDCC-Solar (figure 1 below). The results of the study revealed that the L2 Korean students were extremely vulnerable to native models. They were more likely to pick incorrect answer choices which were literal interpretations. This was a departure from a precise pragmatic inference. They also showed a strong tendency of adding their own text or "garbage" to their responses. This further reduced the quality of their answers.
The participants in this study were L2 Korean students who had reached level four on the Test of Proficiency in Korean TOPIK in their third or second university year and were aiming to achieve level six on their next attempt. They were asked questions about their WTC/SPCC, pragmatic awareness, understanding understanding of the world.
Interviewees were presented with two hypothetical situations which involved interactions with their counterparts and asked to choose one of the strategies listed below to use when making an offer. They were then asked to provide the reasoning behind their choice. Most of the participants attributed their pragmatic resistance to their personality. For instance, TS claimed that she was difficult to talk to, and therefore refused to ask about the health of her interlocutors despite having the burden of a job despite her belief that native Koreans would ask.
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