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1948: Manchester Mark I (not to confuse with Harvard Mark I), electronic digital computer using numbering base of two, phosphor screens and perforated paper tapes, by Max Newman (not to confuse with John Von Neumann). 1950: Pilot ACE, Automatic Computing Engine, electronic digital computer by Alan Mathison Turing with Max Newman and others, using numbering base of two and programmable by a kind of assembly language. 1947-1951: UNIVAC I, Universal Automatic Computer I, by Presper Eckert with John Mauchly (Sperry Rand), in collaboration with John Von Neumann, marketed by the Univac Division of Remington Rand. 1947-1949: EDSAC, Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator, electronic digital computer by Maurice Wilkes (Cambridge University), using numbering base of two and tubes with mercury. It is the first use of the term "bit" (binal digit or binary digit), although the concept of a minimal unit of information based on one of two possible states had already been proposed by Konrad Zuse, who called it a "JA - NEIN" ("YES - NO", in German). Made possible by the flat transistor recently invented by Jean Hoerni, the integrated circuit of Mister Kilby had about five elements, that could be resistances, condensers, or also transistors.

Integrated circuits only became a possibility when Jean Hoerni invented the flat transistor in December 1958. 1952: IBM 700, by International Business Machines, built of vacuum tubes. The series continued in later years with the IBM 702, IBM 704, IBM 709, IBM 790 and IBM 794. Cards and paper tapes gradually disappeared and were almost gone by the 1980's, but big format magnetic tapes continued in use in some big computers even after the year 2000. This IBM series covered a wider range of applications than had been covered by its computer predecessors (which had been mostly used for long mathematical calculations), in the sense that these IBM computers were also commonly used as for example electronic data bases, storing documents or other informations in electronic form. Black boxes (later called gateways and routers) connect local area networks, but do not keep data on passing packets. The original idea for the protocol is definitely separated in two protocols: TCP to control flux or recuperate lost packets, and IP to address or route packets. In play, the object is to stroke the cue ball so that it hits the two object balls in succession, scoring a carom, or billiard, which counts one point.

There are 18 balls in this game and one white cue ball, which is the only ball the cue ever contacts. One of the white balls (plain or spot) serves as the cue ball for each player, the red ball and other white ball serving as his object balls. All Core branded processors had two processing cores, the Core Solos had one core disabled, while the Core Duos used both processors. Created by Kenneth Thompson and Dennis Ritchie (Bell AT & T), who were unhappy with Multics, Unics became one of the first time-sharing operating systems. 1978: Unics operating system becomes open source, what is billiards and the basis of many future operating systems. 1956: at Darmouth College, ten experts in diverse disciplines meet to create the basis for what they call Artificial Intelligence (to distinguish it from Robotics, Automatics and Cybernetics). John Mc Carthy (Stanford University), presented the Lisp programming language and the Mc Carthy Test for measuring Artificial Intelligence (playing games, following conversation, receiving information or performing other activities through a terminal). Other experts presented programmes for playing chess or for proving mathematical theorems. Presented to the public in 1948. 1948: Norbert Wiener coins the term "Cybernetics" (from the Greek word "kybernos", meaning "control" or "controllable"), defined as "the Science of control and communication in animal or in machine".

1996: creation of the World Wide Web Consortium, under leadership of Web's inventor Tim Berners-Lee and of Al Vezza, initially also led by the Computing Science Laboratory of the Massachussets Institute of Technology. Reference. It never became official, but it inspired the creation of tables for HTML 3.2, 4.0 and 4.01, plus other improvements in official HTML specifications. 1963: creation of the Augmentation Research Center by Douglas Engelbart (Stanford Research Institute, Director of the Bootstrap Institute). 1956: TEC, Transistor Experimental Computer, by the Massachussetts Institute of Technology. 1948: A Mathematical Theory of Communication, essay explaining how to apply the numbering base of two to computers, by Claude Shannon (Massachussetts Institute of Technology). About 1945: As We May Think, essay by Vannevar Bush (Massachussetts Institute of Technology, Director of the United States Office of Scientific Research and Development), describing a computer aided hyper text system that he named "Memex", able to find linked information and to insert easily new information by its different users. 1944-1950: Whirlwind, digital computer by Jay Forrester (Massachussetts Institute of Technology), first computer operable in real time.