The Advanced Guide To Evolution Site > 자유게시판

• 목록
• 답변
• 글쓰기
• 게시판 리스트 옵션
  • 수정
  • 삭제

The Academy's Evolution Site

Biology is one of the most central concepts in biology. The Academies have been for a long time involved in helping people who are interested in science comprehend the concept of evolution and how it permeates every area of scientific inquiry.

This site provides students, teachers and 에볼루션 코리아 general readers with a range of learning resources on evolution. It includes key video clip from NOVA and WGBH produced science programs on DVD.

Tree of Life

The Tree of Life, an ancient symbol, represents the interconnectedness of all life. It is an emblem of love and unity in many cultures. It can be used in many practical ways as well, such as providing a framework to understand the history of species and how they respond to changing environmental conditions.

The first attempts to depict the world of biology were founded on categorizing organisms on their physical and metabolic characteristics. These methods are based on the collection of various parts of organisms, or DNA fragments have greatly increased the diversity of a tree of Life2. However, these trees are largely comprised of eukaryotes, and bacterial diversity is still largely unrepresented3,4.

By avoiding the necessity for direct experimentation and observation, genetic techniques have allowed us to depict the Tree of Life in a much more accurate way. Particularly, molecular methods enable us to create trees by using sequenced markers, such as the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene.

The Tree of Life has been greatly expanded thanks to genome sequencing. However there is still a lot of biodiversity to be discovered. This is particularly relevant to microorganisms that are difficult to cultivate, and are typically found in one sample5. A recent analysis of all genomes resulted in an initial draft of a Tree of Life. This includes a variety of archaea, 에볼루션 사이트 bacteria and other organisms that have not yet been isolated, or the diversity of which is not thoroughly understood6.

This expanded Tree of Life is particularly useful in assessing the diversity of an area, which can help to determine if specific habitats require protection. The information is useful in a variety of ways, such as finding new drugs, battling diseases and improving crops. It is also beneficial in conservation efforts. It helps biologists discover areas that are most likely to be home to species that are cryptic, which could have important metabolic functions and be vulnerable to the effects of human activity. While funds to protect biodiversity are important, 에볼루션 바카라 the most effective way to conserve the biodiversity of the world is to equip more people in developing nations with the knowledge they need to take action locally and encourage conservation.

Phylogeny

A phylogeny (also known as an evolutionary tree) shows the relationships between species. Scientists can construct a phylogenetic chart that shows the evolutionary relationship of taxonomic groups using molecular data and morphological similarities or differences. The concept of phylogeny is fundamental to understanding biodiversity, evolution and genetics.

A basic phylogenetic Tree (see Figure PageIndex 10 ) determines the relationship between organisms with similar traits that have evolved from common ancestors. These shared traits may be analogous, or homologous. Homologous traits are similar in their evolutionary origins, while analogous traits look similar, but do not share the same ancestors. Scientists organize similar traits into a grouping known as a clade. For instance, all the species in a clade share the characteristic of having amniotic eggs and evolved from a common ancestor who had eggs. The clades then join to create a phylogenetic tree to identify organisms that have the closest relationship.

Scientists use DNA or RNA molecular information to create a phylogenetic chart that is more precise and detailed. This data is more precise than morphological information and provides evidence of the evolutionary background of an organism or group. Researchers can utilize Molecular Data to determine the age of evolution of living organisms and discover how many species share an ancestor common to all.

The phylogenetic relationships of a species can be affected by a variety of factors that include phenotypicplasticity. This is a kind of behavior that changes in response to unique environmental conditions. This can cause a characteristic to appear more similar to one species than another which can obscure the phylogenetic signal. This problem can be addressed by using cladistics. This is a method that incorporates the combination of homologous and analogous traits in the tree.

Additionally, phylogenetics can aid in predicting the length and speed of speciation. This information will assist conservation biologists in making decisions about which species to protect from disappearance. In the end, it's the conservation of phylogenetic diversity that will lead to an ecosystem that is complete and balanced.

Evolutionary Theory

The fundamental concept of evolution is that organisms develop various characteristics over time as a result of their interactions with their environment. Many theories of evolution have been proposed by a wide variety of scientists, including the Islamic naturalist Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201-1274) who proposed that a living organism develop gradually according to its needs as well as the Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) who designed the modern hierarchical taxonomy Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) who suggested that use or disuse of traits can cause changes that could be passed on to the offspring.

In the 1930s and 1940s, ideas from different areas, including natural selection, genetics & particulate inheritance, were brought together to create a modern synthesis of evolution theory. This defines how evolution happens through the variation in genes within the population, and how these variants change with time due to natural selection. This model, which includes mutations, genetic drift as well as gene flow and 에볼루션 바카라 블랙잭, http://0lq70Ey8yz1B.com/, sexual selection can be mathematically described mathematically.

Recent discoveries in the field of evolutionary developmental biology have demonstrated that variation can be introduced into a species through mutation, genetic drift, and reshuffling of genes during sexual reproduction, and also through the movement of populations. These processes, in conjunction with other ones like the directional selection process and the erosion of genes (changes in the frequency of genotypes over time) can result in evolution. Evolution is defined by changes in the genome over time, as well as changes in the phenotype (the expression of genotypes in an individual).

Students can gain a better understanding of the concept of phylogeny by using evolutionary thinking in all aspects of biology. A recent study conducted by Grunspan and colleagues, for example demonstrated that teaching about the evidence for evolution increased students' understanding of evolution in a college-level biology course. For more details on how to teach about evolution, see The Evolutionary Potential in All Areas of Biology or Thinking Evolutionarily A Framework for Infusing Evolution into Life Sciences Education.

Evolution in Action

Scientists have studied evolution through looking back in the past, analyzing fossils and comparing species. They also study living organisms. But evolution isn't a thing that happened in the past. It's an ongoing process that is taking place in the present. Viruses evolve to stay away from new drugs and bacteria evolve to resist antibiotics. Animals adapt their behavior because of a changing environment. The changes that result are often visible.

It wasn't until late-1980s that biologists realized that natural selection can be observed in action as well. The key to this is that different traits result in the ability to survive at different rates and reproduction, and they can be passed down from one generation to the next.

In the past, when one particular allele--the genetic sequence that determines coloration--appeared in a group of interbreeding species, it could quickly become more prevalent than the other alleles. In time, this could mean the number of black moths in the population could increase. The same is true for many other characteristics--including morphology and behavior--that vary among populations of organisms.

Monitoring evolutionary changes in action is much easier when a species has a fast generation turnover like bacteria. Since 1988, Richard Lenski, a biologist, has tracked twelve populations of E.coli that are descended from a single strain. Samples from each population have been collected regularly and more than 50,000 generations of E.coli have been observed to have passed.

Lenski's research has revealed that mutations can alter the rate at which change occurs and the efficiency of a population's reproduction. It also demonstrates that evolution is slow-moving, a fact that some find hard to accept.

Microevolution can be observed in the fact that mosquito genes for pesticide resistance are more common in populations where insecticides are used. This is due to pesticides causing an exclusive pressure that favors those who have resistant genotypes.

The rapid pace at which evolution takes place has led to a growing appreciation of its importance in a world that is shaped by human activity, including climate change, pollution, and the loss of habitats that hinder many species from adjusting. Understanding evolution can assist you in making better choices regarding the future of the planet and its inhabitants.